ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as principais classes de compostos químicos presentes em Annona grabra L. (Araticum panã), e avaliar o seu potencial biológico analisando suas atividades antioxidante, antiacetilcolinesterase e leishmanicida. Para tanto, a entrecasca e sementes foram submetidas à extração em aparelho de soxhlet com os solventes orgânicos hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol, obtendo-se os respectivos extratos. Com os extratos foram realizados testes de prospecção fitoquímica, determinação da atividade antioxidante pelo método de inibição do radical livre DPPH e inibição da acetilcolinesterase em ensaio de cromatografia em camada delgada. Os testes de atividade leishmanicida in vitro em formas promastigotas de Leishmania infantum chagasi foram realizados em placa de 96 poços em aparelho ELISA. Os extratos foram testados a 100 ?g/ mL. Os testes fitoquímicos revelaram a presença de esteroides, triterpenos, alcaloides, compostos fenólicos e saponinas. Todos os extratos apresentaram inibição da acetilcolinesterase e os extratos hexânicos de ambas partes mostraram maior percentual de inibição de L. infantum chagasi. Nestes extratos, compostos apolares como esteroides e triterpenos podem contribuir para a atividade leishmanicida. Os extratos de melhor atividade antioxidante foram o acetato de etila e metanólico da entrecasca e metanólico das sementes que correspondem aos que contem compostos fenólicos. Conclui-se que A. glabra constitui uma fonte potencial de agentes leishmanicida com possível mecanismo de ação pela inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase das membranas da L. infantum chagasi, causador da leishmaniose visceral.(AU)
The aim of this study was to investigate the main types of chemical constituents present in Annona grabra L. (araticum panã) and evaluate its biological potential by analyzing the antioxidant, antiacetylcholinesterase and antiLeishmanial activities. For this, the sapwood and seeds were subjected to extraction in soxhlet apparatus using the following organic solvents: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol for obtaining the respective extracts. These extracts were submitted to phytochemical prospection, antioxidant tests by scavenging the free radical DPPH, acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay on TLC plates. The in vitro antiLeishmanial assay in Leishmania infantum chagasi promastigotes were performed in a 96 well plate in an ELISA instrument. The extracts were tested at 100 ?g/ mL. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and saponins. All extracts showed inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and hexane extracts of both parts presented more action in L. infantum chagasi. The extracts with better antioxidant action were ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the sapwood and methanol extract of seeds, which correspond to those, which contains phenolic compounds. In conclusion, A. glabra constitutes a potential source of antiLeishmanial agents with possible mechanism of action by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase in the membranes of L. infantum chagasi responsible for visceral Leishmaniasis.(AU)
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts , Annona , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
The sclera is the outermost layer of the eye. In some vertebrates, it consists of a scleral ring of osseous plates that afford protection against pressure and help maintain the shape of the eyeball. The morphology, number, development and position of the scleral ossicles differ in distinct groups of vertebrates. Therefore, the objective here was to examine the number, shape and arrangement of the scleral ossicles in Brazilian birds of different orders. The study involved 208 birds of 18 orders, which died from causes unrelated to eye infections. The birds eyeballs were removed and subjected to diaphanization and staining of the ossicles with Alizarin red S. All the eyeballs analyzed presented scleral ossicles in a fixed position in the central portion of the eyeball, but which varied in size, shape and number. The number of bony plates in the various bird species varied from 11 to 16, with a modal number of 14, and their shape was predominantly quadrangular, showing a similar pattern in species of the same order. Some specimens presented differences in the number of ossicles in the right and left eyeball, as in Spheniscus magellanicus, Elanus leucurus, Ramphastos toco and others and Leptodon cayanensisalso presented a scleral sesamoid bone. The distribution and morphology of the ossicles vary according to the taxonomic group, although species of the same order present a similar pattern.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bone and Bones , Sclera/anatomy & histology , Eye/anatomy & histology , Sclera , Birds , Sclera/physiology , OrbitABSTRACT
The objective was the morphological characterization of the liver of Phrynops geoffroanus, popularly knownas the freshwater turtle (cágado-de-barbicha in Portuguese), using six specimens from the Uberabinha Riverin Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The analyses involved anatomical and histological methods, andthe microscopic aspects were described after the histological preparation. Fragments of liver were fixed in10% formalin and absolute alcohol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned into four μm thick slices, and stainedwith HE, PAS, Gomori Trichrome and Reticulin. The liver of P. geoffroanus is a large light brown organspeckled with black spots, which represent melanin deposits. It is divided into four lobes, called the rightlateral, right medial, left lateral and left medial lobes. The hepatocytes in longitudinal section are similarto double cords surrounded by winding sinusoidal capillaries, polyhedral shaped, of varying sizes, with avacuolized aspect and with peripherally displaced nuclei. The cytoplasm is little eosinophilic and highly reactiveto PAS, suggesting abundant intracytoplasmatic glycogen. The hepatic parenchyma is supported by delicatereticular fibers surrounding hepatocytes and sinusoids. Large quantities of melanomacrophages are present inthe parenchyma and perisinusoidal spaces, mainly close to the portal spaces.